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PROFESSOR: Now, onward. Transcription. So, we've got DNA, we'll do two, three, probably three by now, transcription. So we have DNA goes to DNA. DNA makes RNA, RNA makes protein. This, by the way, gets the name the central dogma of molecular biology. Due to Francis Crick, and as an aside, Francis actually never said DNA goes to RNA goes to protein. What he said was nucleic acids go to protein. The information flows from nucleic acids to proteins. He never actually said DNA goes to RNA goes to protein, and that's an important point. And we'll come to it at some point, probably next time. So, transcription. Here's my genome. Here's my double helix. I'm going to stop wrapping around itself, just because it's tedious. And here's a chunk of DNA that encodes a gene. Maybe it's a gene that makes our enzyme for arginine biosynthesis. Remember, we had our arginine genes and all that. But what happens is it has a starting point, it has a stopping point. Five prime to three prime. What happens is there is a signal in the DNA that the cell knows how to read called a promoter. And under certain circumstances, this promoter invites an enzyme to sit down, and the enzyme starts copying. Which direction does this enzyme go? Five prime to three prime. They all go five prime to three prime. But it makes RNA. Okay? And then it gets to certain point, and it stops copying. This process of copying is called transcription, because it's just a direct transcribing. So what's the difference between DNA and RNA? Two differences. One, this is two prime deoxyribose. This is ribose. It's not two prime delay. It's truly ribose. The other difference, where DNA has T, RNA, has U, uracil. The difference, what's the difference between T and U? The difference is a methyl group. It's a methyl group in an unimportant position for the base paring. It doesn't matter. Furthermore, it has an extra methyl group. You can look it up in your book. So for all practical purposes, you, in thinking about polymerization and five prime to three prime, and everything, could imagine the DNA and RNA are the same basic structure, because it's got one little methyl group that distinguishes T and U. And it's got a hydroxyl on the two prime position in the carbon, in the sugar, which actually isn't anything we use. We never use the two prime. So none of what I've told you are affected by t versus u, or deoxyribose versus ribose. Now, it turns out it does make a difference in the overall structure. It's harder to base pair with the ribose there as opposed to the deoxyribose because they stack differently, et cetera. It makes a difference to the cell. RNA is less stable, all sorts of things. But for your practical purposes, apart from having to know that it's T versus U, and deoxyribose versus ribose, you won't see in this course actually see any real strong reasons why it matters, but it does matter to the cell. All right. So this enzyme comes along, and it copies a segment of the DNA, starting at a...
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